Reference charts & tables
Printable data tables and formula references behind the calculators. Use the category pages for workflow context, or open a chart directly.
Springs 10 Gears 3 GD&T 3 Machining 15 Materials 48 Hydraulics 21 HVAC 16 Electrical 13 Power Transmission 4 Automotive 1 Fasteners 12 Sheet Metal 11 Structural 28
Springs
Tools Spring wire material properties Spring wire material properties reference for music wire, stainless, chrome-silicon and other common spring alloys. Spring stress correction calculator Spring stress correction calculator shortcut for Wahl factor, spring index and corrected compression-spring shear stress. Helical spring calculator Helical spring calculator shortcut for compression spring rate, load, stress, solid height, pitch and buckling checks. Spring solid height calculator Spring solid height calculator path: solid height by end type, travel to solid and coil-bind clearance from wire diameter and coil count. Mean coil diameter calculator Mean coil diameter calculator path: D from outside or inside diameter and wire size, with spring index and Wahl factor on the working calculator. Initial tension extension spring calculator Initial tension calculator path for extension springs: F = Fi + k*x, preload before coil separation, and rate from wire size on the working calculator. Spring shear stress formula Spring shear stress path: tau = Kw*8FD/(pi*d^3) with the Wahl curvature factor, computed live on the compression spring calculator. Torsion spring deflection angle Torsion spring deflection-angle path: angle from torque and rate per turn, with Wahl-corrected bending stress on the working torsion spring calculator. Active coils formula Active coils path: Na = G*d^4/(8*D^3*k) back-solved from a target rate, run live on the spring design calculator. Wire diameter for load Spring wire diameter path: d = (8*k*D^3*Na/G)^(1/4) from a target rate or load, run live on the spring wire size calculator.
Gears
Tools Involute gear formula Involute gear formula page for base circle, pressure angle, pitch diameter and tooth geometry, with calculator and generator links. Involute gear Involute gear path for module, diametral pitch, pressure angle, tooth geometry, undercut warning, center distance and DXF profile export. Bevel gear pitch angle calculator Bevel gear pitch angle path: pitch cone angles from the tooth counts, delta1 = atan(z1/z2), plus cone distance and face width on the working calculator.
GD&T
Tools ISO 286 hole & shaft fit table ISO 286 hole and shaft fit table for tolerance zones, upper/lower deviations and clearance/interference fits. GD&T symbols chart GD&T symbols chart for form, profile, orientation, location and runout controls with datum and tolerance-zone notes. Geo tolerance symbols Geo tolerance symbols chart path for GD&T form, profile, orientation, location and runout symbols with datum and tolerance-zone meaning.
Machining
Tools Tap drill chart Tap drill chart reference for metric and Unified threads with drill sizes, percent thread engagement and calculator links. Drill size chart Drill size chart for number, letter, fractional inch and metric drills with decimal-inch and millimeter equivalents. Thread pitch chart Thread pitch chart for metric pitch, Unified TPI and pitch-to-TPI conversions with tap-drill and thread measurement links. Decimal to fraction chart Decimal to fraction chart for inch shop dimensions, fractional equivalents and millimeter conversions. Cutting speed chart (SFM by material) Cutting speed chart with starting SFM and m/min values by material for drilling, milling and turning setup. Chip load chart Chip load chart with feed-per-tooth starting ranges by tool diameter and material for milling feed setup. Keyway size chart Keyway size chart shortcut for shaft key dimensions, with links to the DIN 6885 keyway dimension calculator. Keyway dimensions by shaft size Find keyway dimensions by shaft size with standard key width, height and cut-depth workflow links. Dovetail measurement over pins Dovetail measurement over pins calculator for male and female dovetail slides, pin constant and 60 degree dovetail checks. Deep-hole peck cycle calculator Deep-hole peck cycle calculator shortcut for G83/G73-style peck count, drill point allowance, retracts and drilling cycle time. Countersink diameter depth Countersink diameter depth calculator for converting included angle, top diameter and existing hole diameter into axial countersink depth. Spot drill depth by chamfer diameter Spot drill depth calculator for chamfer diameter and point angle, with the drill-point and countersink formulas shown. Chip load by thread pitch Chip load by thread pitch shortcut for tapping and thread-pitch-locked feeds, where feed per revolution equals thread pitch. Thread pitch calculator Thread pitch calculator and chart path for metric pitch, Unified TPI conversion, tap drill sizing, thread identification and three-wire measurement. Thread milling passes Radial depth per thread-milling pass by constant chip area: cumulative depth = total × √(n/N). A 0.92 mm M10×1.5 depth in 3 passes runs 0.531/0.220/0.169 mm.
Materials
Tools Material density chart Material density chart for steel, stainless, aluminum, brass, copper, plastics and common engineering materials. Material weight calculator Material weight calculator shortcut for steel, stainless, aluminum, brass, copper and plastic stock using density, area and length. Steel weight calculator Steel weight calculator shortcut using 7.85 g/cm3 density, with formulas for round bar, plate and tube plus links to the working metal weight calculator. Stainless steel weight calculator Stainless steel weight calculator shortcut for 304, 316, 303, 410, 430 and 17-4 PH bar, plate and tube stock. Bar weight calculator Bar weight calculator shortcut for round, square, hex and flat bar stock in steel, stainless, aluminum, brass and other materials. Aluminum weight calculator Aluminum weight calculator shortcut using 2.70 g/cm3 density, with bar, plate and tube formulas plus a working calculator link. Round bar weight calculator Round bar weight calculator shortcut with diameter-based area formula and worked examples for steel, stainless and aluminum bar. Steel round bar weight calculator Steel round bar weight calculator with kg/m formula from diameter and 7.85 g/cm3 steel density. Steel plate weight calculator Steel plate weight calculator shortcut using width, thickness, length and 7.85 g/cm3 density. Steel tube weight calculator Steel tube weight calculator for round, square and rectangular tube using OD, wall thickness, area and steel density. Square tube weight calculator Square tube weight calculator using outside size, wall thickness, length and material density, with steel HSS examples. 304 stainless weight calculator 304 stainless weight calculator shortcut for bar, plate and tube stock using practical 304 stainless density. 316 stainless weight calculator 316 stainless weight calculator shortcut for bar, plate and tube stock with stainless density notes and formula examples. Board feet chart Board feet chart shortcut for lumber width, length, thickness multipliers, waste allowance and price-per-board-foot estimating. Board foot calculator Board foot calculator path for lumber volume, board feet per piece, waste allowance, price-per-board-foot cost and chart follow-up. Lumber board foot calculator Lumber board foot calculator shortcut for rough boards, 4/4 to 8/4 thickness multipliers, waste allowance, board-foot cost and cut-list follow-up. Lumber cost calculator Lumber cost calculator shortcut for board feet, waste allowance, price per board foot and rough lumber buying totals. Wood weight calculator Wood weight calculator shortcut for board dimensions, quantity, species density, board feet and total payload weight. Timber weight calculator Timber weight calculator shortcut for beams, posts, boards and wood members using actual dimensions, quantity and density. Plywood calculator Plywood calculator path for sheet count, 4x8 coverage, waste allowance, price per sheet, purchased coverage and cut-optimizer follow-up. Plywood material calculator Plywood material calculator shortcut for plywood, OSB, MDF and sheet-goods quantity, waste allowance, purchased coverage and cost per sheet. 4x8 plywood calculator 4x8 plywood calculator path for 32-square-foot sheet coverage, whole-sheet rounding, waste allowance and plywood cost estimating. Plywood cut calculator Plywood cut calculator path for sheet layout, rectangular part groups, kerf, edge trim, rotation, sheet count, yield and cut-list follow-up. Plywood cut list calculator Plywood cut list calculator shortcut for repeated rectangular panel parts, 4x8 sheets, kerf, rotation, layout preview, yield and sheet cost. Kerf calculator Kerf calculator path for woodworking kerf-bending cuts, saw kerf width, cut spacing, bend radius, kerf loss and cut-list follow-up. Wood movement calculator Wood movement calculator shortcut for wood shrinkage, swelling, moisture-content change, species coefficients, grain orientation and final width. Dovetail layout calculator Dovetail layout calculator shortcut for tail count, pin width, edge half-pins, slope angle and woodworking drawer joinery spacing. Dovetail angle calculator Dovetail angle calculator shortcut for woodworking dovetail slopes, side offset through thickness and tail-pin layout follow-up. Mortise tenon calculator Mortise tenon calculator shortcut for tenon thickness, shoulder width, cheek cuts, mortise clearance, depth and glue contact area. Tenon size calculator Tenon size calculator shortcut for woodworking tenon thickness ratio, shoulder width, cheek cut depth and mortise fit allowance. Dado calculator Dado calculator shortcut for shelf dado width, groove layout marks, cut depth, remaining panel thickness and router pass spacing. Drawer box calculator Drawer box calculator shortcut for opening width, slide clearance, box height, box depth, side panels, front/back panels and bottom panel size. Dust collection CFM calculator Dust collection CFM calculator shortcut for woodworking tool port diameter, transport velocity, active branches, allowance and main duct velocity. Dust collector sizing calculator Dust collector sizing calculator shortcut for woodshop CFM, tool port diameter, main duct velocity, active branches and airflow allowance. Paint coverage calculator Paint coverage calculator shortcut for wood paint, stain and clear finish volume, adjusted coverage, coats, waste, containers and material cost. Woodworking calculators Woodworking calculators for cut lists, board feet, plywood sheet layouts, cabinet sizing, joinery spacing, shelf sag, wood movement and finish takeoff. Woodworking calculator Woodworking calculator suite path for lumber takeoff, cut lists, plywood layouts, cabinet boxes, drawer sizing, joinery spacing and movement checks. Shelf deflection calculator Shelf deflection calculator shortcut for shelf span, thickness, depth, load, material stiffness, MDF shelves and floating-shelf sag screens. Steel weight formula Steel weight formula reference using density, area and length for bar, plate, tube and pipe weight calculations. Aluminum weight formula Aluminum weight formula reference using density, area and length for bar, plate, tube and sheet calculations. Stainless steel weight formula Stainless steel weight formula reference for 304, 316 and common stainless bar, plate, tube and sheet stock. Round bar weight formula Round bar weight formula reference from diameter, length and density for steel, stainless, aluminum and brass bar. Plate weight formula Plate weight formula reference from width, length, thickness and density for steel, aluminum and stainless plate. Pipe weight formula Pipe weight formula reference from outside diameter, wall thickness, length and density for tube and pipe stock. Square tube weight formula Square tube weight formula reference from outside size, wall thickness, length and material density. Rectangular tube weight formula Rectangular tube weight formula reference from width, height, wall thickness, length and material density. Hardness conversion chart Hardness conversion chart reference for Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers and tensile-strength comparison ranges. Steel pipe schedule chart Steel pipe schedule chart reference for nominal pipe size, outside diameter, wall thickness and inside diameter.
Hydraulics
Tools Pipe fitting takeout chart Pipe fitting takeout chart reference for elbow, tee and reducer layout dimensions with ASME B16.9-style notes. Pipe pressure drop worksheet Pipe pressure drop worksheet for flow, pipe ID, length, fittings, Reynolds number, Darcy friction and head-loss checks. Pump horsepower chart Pump horsepower chart shortcut for hydraulic power from flow and pressure, with kW, hp and motor-size workflow notes. Water pipe pressure loss Water pipe pressure loss calculator shortcut for flow, pipe ID, length, fittings, Darcy pressure drop and equivalent head loss. Pump head loss plumbing Pump head loss calculator for plumbing and hydronic runs: pipe flow, ID, length, fittings, pressure drop and equivalent head. Pump NPSH available calculator Pump NPSH available calculator shortcut for suction pressure, static head, vapor pressure, suction loss and NPSH margin. Hydraulic cylinder speed worksheet Hydraulic cylinder speed worksheet for GPM, bore, rod diameter, stroke, extend/retract speed, stroke time and required flow. Hydraulic reservoir size by GPM Hydraulic reservoir size calculator by GPM for pump flow, residence time, usable oil fraction and first-pass tank volume. Hydraulic hose size worksheet Hydraulic hose size worksheet for flow, hose ID, velocity, oil viscosity, fittings and Darcy pressure-drop checks. Accumulator size worksheet Hydraulic accumulator size worksheet for usable oil volume, precharge, minimum pressure, maximum pressure and gas volume. PEX pipe size worksheet PEX pipe size worksheet shortcut for water flow, target velocity, actual inside diameter and pressure-drop screening. Expansion tank size worksheet Expansion tank size worksheet for system volume, fluid expansion, precharge, relief setting and required tank acceptance. Hydronic expansion tank Hydronic expansion tank calculator shortcut for system volume, fluid expansion, cold fill, relief margin, precharge and tank acceptance. Pipe slope formula Pipe slope formula page for fall, percent slope, inches per foot, 1:n ratio and invert elevation conversions. Drainage pipe slope Pipe slope calculator for drainage layout: run, fall, percent slope, inches per foot, pitch ratio and invert elevations. Drain pipe slope Drain pipe slope calculator shortcut for fall per foot, percent slope, 1:n pitch ratio and invert elevation planning. Water hammer pressure worksheet Water hammer pressure worksheet for flow velocity, wave speed, closure time, surge pressure and pipe pressure-rating margin. Roof drain GPM calculator Roof drain GPM calculator for roof area, rainfall intensity, runoff factor, gutter capacity and downspout count. Pipe miter calculator Pipe miter calculator path for miter cut angle, long-to-short difference, wrap-around template marks and multi-piece pipe elbow layout. Pump flow GPM formula Hydraulic pump flow path: Q = displacement x speed / 231 (gpm) with volumetric efficiency, run live on the pump flow & HP calculator. Motor torque displacement formula Hydraulic motor torque path: T = dP x D /(2*pi) with mechanical efficiency, plus speed from flow - run live on the motor torque calculator.
HVAC
Tools Duct size worksheet Duct size worksheet for airflow, velocity, friction rate, round duct diameter and rectangular duct sizing checks. Duct size by CFM Duct size calculator by CFM for round and rectangular duct area, velocity sizing, equal-friction sizing and pressure-drop follow-up. Line set size by tonnage Line set size by tonnage and length shortcut for refrigerant suction and liquid line velocity, pressure drop, oil return and lift checks. Refrigerant line size by tonnage Refrigerant line size calculator by tonnage and length for suction and liquid line velocity, pressure drop, lift and oil-return screening. Suction line size calculator Suction line size calculator shortcut for refrigerant vapor velocity, oil return, equivalent length and suction pressure-drop budget checks. Liquid line size calculator Liquid line size calculator shortcut for refrigerant liquid velocity, equivalent length, lift head and pressure-drop budget checks. Duct friction loss worksheet Duct friction loss worksheet for airflow, duct size, straight length, equivalent length, roughness and static-pressure budget checks. Total external static pressure Total external static pressure calculator for return, filter, coil, supply, terminals, accessories and blower static-pressure margin. Available static pressure Available static pressure calculator shortcut for blower external static, component losses, duct-run budget and remaining pressure margin. Static pressure worksheet HVAC static pressure worksheet for return, filter, coil, supply, terminal and accessory pressure-drop budgeting. Furnace BTU by square footage Furnace BTU sizing calculator by square footage for heated area, load factor, design temperature difference, AFUE and supply airflow. Flex duct CFM capacity chart Flex duct CFM capacity chart shortcut for duct airflow, target velocity, equivalent round size and pressure-loss follow-up. Plenum sizing velocity calculator Plenum sizing velocity calculator shortcut for airflow, target velocity, duct/plenum free area and rectangular dimensions. Manual D friction rate calculator Manual D friction rate calculator shortcut for duct airflow, size, total equivalent length and pressure-loss budget. Return air grille size calculator Return air grille size calculator for CFM, target face velocity, free-area ratio and nominal grille dimensions. Equivalent round duct Equivalent round duct path: the round diameter with the same friction as a rectangular duct, computed live on the duct size calculator.
Electrical
Tools Transformer kVA chart Transformer kVA chart shortcut for single-phase and three-phase apparent power, standard-size rounding and feeder follow-up checks. Conduit fill chart Conduit fill chart shortcut for conductor area, raceway area, 53 percent, 31 percent, 40 percent and short-nipple fill checks. Conduit fill by wire size Conduit fill calculator by wire size and type for conductor count, insulation area, raceway trade size and fill-limit screening. Voltage drop from transformer kVA Voltage drop calculator shortcut for transformer kVA, phase, voltage, one-way feeder length and conductor size. Voltage drop by wire size Voltage drop calculator by wire size for copper or aluminum conductors, one-way length, load current, voltage and percent-drop target. NEC voltage drop calculator NEC voltage drop calculator shortcut for one-way feeder length, conductor material, wire size, phase, current and target drop. Solar PV wire size Solar PV wire size calculator shortcut for DC voltage-drop screening from array current, one-way length, conductor material and AWG/kcmil size. Transformer impedance fault calculator Transformer impedance fault current calculator for secondary available fault current from kVA, voltage and percent impedance. Parallel conductor ampacity worksheet Parallel conductor ampacity worksheet for per-conductor ampacity, derating factors, terminal cap, sharing allowance and total usable ampacity. Motor full-load current by HP Motor full-load current calculator by horsepower, phase, voltage, efficiency and power factor, with design-current margin checks. Ground wire size by breaker Ground wire size calculator by breaker for equipment grounding conductor sizing from upstream OCPD rating, material and conductor upsize ratio. NEC box fill calculator NEC electrical box fill calculator shortcut for conductor count, device yokes, grounds, clamps, support fittings and marked box volume. Conduit offset formula Conduit bend offset formula page for offset multiplier, bend mark spacing, shrink allowance, projected run and bend budget.
Power Transmission
Tools Overhung load formula Overhung load formula for belt, chain and gear loads on shafts, with calculator workflow and related shaft checks. Rack and pinion force calculator Rack and pinion force calculator notes for converting pinion torque, module and tooth count into ideal rack push force, speed and travel. Rack and pinion ratio calculator Rack and pinion ratio calculator notes for converting pinion revolutions and RPM into rack travel and linear speed. Belt calculator Belt calculator path for open belt length, V-belt center distance, timing-belt tooth count, pulley ratio, wrap angle and belt tension.
Automotive
ToolsFasteners
Tools Bolt torque spec chart Bolt torque spec chart reference for coarse first-pass tightening torque by bolt size, grade and lubrication assumption. Wrench size chart Wrench size chart reference for metric and inch fasteners, across-flat dimensions and common shop wrench sizes. Weld symbol reference Weld symbol reference for AWS and ISO drawing symbols, fillet/groove symbols and welding callout interpretation. Bolt preload formula The bolt preload formula: F = T/(K*d) - clamp force from torque, nut factor K and diameter, plus proof-load and scatter checks on the calculator. Bolt preload calculation Bolt preload calculation, step by step: F = T/(K*d) with dry vs lubricated examples, proof-load utilization and torque scatter checks. M10 bolt preload M10 bolt preload examples from tightening torque and nut factor, including dry/lubricated clamp force, proof-load utilization and scatter. Bolt clamp force calculator Bolt clamp force calculator shortcut using torque, nut factor and nominal diameter with F = T/(K*d), plus proof-load and scatter checks. Torque tension equation The torque-tension equation T = K*d*F: how torque becomes clamp force, why the nut factor K dominates, and the live calculators that run it both directions. Bolt pretension calculation Bolt pretension from torque: F = T/(K*d). What the nut factor hides, typical K values, and clamp-force examples - with the working preload calculator. Bolt group force calculator Bolt group force calculator notes for circular bolt patterns under eccentric shear, torsional moment and direct shear. Bolt pattern shear calculator Bolt pattern shear calculator notes for finding worst-case shear per bolt from direct shear, bolt circle diameter and applied moment. Thread wire measurement calculator Thread wire measurement calculator for 60 degree threads, three-wire pitch diameter and best wire size.
Sheet Metal
Tools Sheet metal gauge chart Sheet metal gauge chart reference for steel, galvanized steel, stainless and aluminum thickness by gauge number. K-factor calculator Use the K-factor calculator to back-solve sheet-metal K-factor from bend allowance or a measured flat sample, including neutral-axis offset and bend deduction. K-factor for copper sheet metal Copper K-factor starting point: ductile coppers commonly land in the K = 0.30-0.40 air-bending band; temper, R/t and tooling shift it. Back-solve yours from one coupon. Bend allowance K-factor Bend allowance and K-factor relationship for sheet metal, including BA = theta*(R+K*t) and links to calculators for bend allowance and K-factor. Sheet metal K-factor chart Sheet-metal K-factor chart notes with practical starting values by bend condition, plus a calculator for measured coupon data. Aluminum K-factor Aluminum K-factor notes for sheet-metal bending with formula context, bend-radius cautions and a calculator for measured flat samples. Brass K-factor Brass K-factor notes for sheet-metal bending, including temper, grain direction, inside radius and coupon-based K-factor calculation. Bend allowance chart Bend allowance chart shortcut for sheet-metal bend angle, inside radius, thickness, K-factor and flat-pattern checks. Bend allowance formula Bend allowance formula shortcut for sheet-metal flat patterns: BA = theta * (R + K*t), plus bend deduction and K-factor follow-up calculators. Minimum flange length chart Minimum flange length chart shortcut for press brake layout, bend deduction, V-die opening and flat length checks. Relief notch size calculator Relief notch size calculator shortcut for sheet-metal box and tray flat patterns, corner relief and bend-line layout.
Structural
Tools Square tube deflection chart Square tube deflection chart notes and calculator workflow for rectangular HSS beams, stiffness and stress checks. Square tube deflection formula Square tube deflection formula for simple beams, including moment of inertia, modulus and load-case notes. Shaft torsion formula Shaft torsion formula for circular shafts: shear stress, angle of twist, polar moment and calculator workflow. Miter angle calculator Miter angle calculator shortcut for crown molding, flat trim, baseboard, included corner angle, saw miter, bevel angle and spring angle. Deck calculator Deck calculator workflow path for board takeoff, diagonal decking, joist span, beam span, ledger spacing, footing size and concrete quantities. Deck material calculator Deck material calculator shortcut for deck board rows, boards to buy, waste allowance, screw count, linear decking and board cost. Fence calculator Fence calculator shortcut for wood fence posts, sections, rails, pickets, gate openings, post-hole concrete bags and material cost. Fence material calculator Fence material calculator path for wood fence post count, rail count, picket count, gate openings, concrete bags and estimated material cost. Wood fence calculator Wood fence calculator path for privacy fence pickets, posts, rails, gate openings, post-hole concrete volume and material cost. Rafter length chart Rafter length chart shortcut for roof pitch, span, run, overhang, common rafter length and rafter count planning. Rafter length by pitch Roof rafter length calculator by pitch for roof span, run, slope factor, common rafter length, overhang tail and rafter count. Stair stringer chart Stair stringer chart shortcut for total rise, riser count, actual riser height, tread count, total run and stringer length. Stair rise/run calculator Stair stringer calculator for rise and run: total rise, riser count, actual riser height, tread count, total run and stringer length. I-beam moment of inertia calculator I-beam moment of inertia calculator shortcut for strong-axis area inertia, section modulus and beam-bending checks. Lintel size chart Lintel size chart shortcut for opening width, wall height, tributary load, bearing, section modulus and deflection checks. Header size calculator Header size calculator shortcut for load-bearing wall openings, span, tributary wall height, line load, bearing and trial member checks. Deck footing size by load Deck footing size calculator by load for post load, allowable soil bearing, round diameter, square width and selected-footing utilization. Joist span by species Joist span calculator by species shortcut for joist size, spacing, loads, adjusted E/Fb/Fv design values and deflection limits. Deck joist span by spacing Deck joist span calculator by spacing and species for joist size, on-center spacing, deck loads, adjusted wood design values and deflection limits. Beam point load deflection calculator Beam point load deflection calculator for simply supported and cantilever beams with deflection, moment and bending stress. Euler column buckling load calculator Euler column buckling load calculator for effective length, end condition, modulus, moment of inertia and critical load. Simply supported shaft deflection Simply supported shaft deflection calculator for round shafts under a central point load, with stress and inertia formulas. Shaft stress calculator Shaft stress calculator path for torsional shear stress, bending stress, angle of twist and required solid-shaft diameter from torque and bending. Miter saw bevel angle Miter-saw bevel path: miter and bevel settings for compound cuts and crown laid flat, computed live on the compound miter calculator. Rectangular section modulus formula Rectangular section modulus formula reference for bending stress checks from width, height, inertia and extreme fiber. Round section modulus formula Round section modulus formula reference for solid circular shafts and rods under bending stress. Tube section modulus formula Tube section modulus formula reference for round, square and rectangular hollow sections under bending. I-beam section modulus formula I-beam section modulus formula reference for strong-axis bending, flange/web geometry and beam stress checks.
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