# MachineCalcs

> Free mechanical and machine-design calculators that show the formula, the governing standard, and the cited material data behind every result — not just a number. Every tool works in both metric (SI) and imperial units and computes entirely in the browser.

MachineCalcs is an independent reference for engineers, machinists and designers. Each calculator states its governing equation and source standard (ISO, AGMA, AWS, DIN, ANSI/ASME) and is paired with explanatory guides and printable reference charts. The tools are free and are a reference — not a substitute for a professional engineer’s review on safety-critical designs.

## Agent discovery

- [Agent guide](https://machinecalcs.com/agents.md): agent-oriented discovery notes, usage policy and citation guidance.
- [Public calculator API](https://machinecalcs.com/api/calculators): supported stateless calculation endpoints with canonical-unit schemas.
- [OpenAPI](https://machinecalcs.com/.well-known/openapi.json): machine-readable API description for supported calculator endpoints.
- [API catalog](https://machinecalcs.com/.well-known/api-catalog): RFC 9727-style linkset for public site resources.
- [Agent skills index](https://machinecalcs.com/.well-known/agent-skills/index.json): discoverable skill for using MachineCalcs calculators accurately.
- [Auth notes](https://machinecalcs.com/auth.md): public pages require no account, OAuth flow, API key or agent registration.

## Calculator categories

- [All calculators](https://machinecalcs.com/calculators): complete human-readable calculator directory.
- [Springs calculators](https://machinecalcs.com/springs-calculators): Helical compression spring design, music wire, extension and torsion spring rate, stress and geometry.
- [Gears calculators](https://machinecalcs.com/gears-calculators): Spur, helical, bevel, planetary and worm gear ratios, mesh forces and involute tooth geometry (with DXF).
- [GD&T calculators](https://machinecalcs.com/gdandt-calculators): True position, MMC bonus tolerance, form/runout checks and ISO 286 fits.
- [Machining calculators](https://machinecalcs.com/machining-calculators): Speeds and feeds, milling and turning power, machining time, machining cost, injection molding shot size, drilling feed/time, SFM↔RPM, tap drills and surface finish.
- [Materials calculators](https://machinecalcs.com/materials-calculators): Metal weight and density, hardness conversion and pipe schedules.
- [Hydraulics calculators](https://machinecalcs.com/hydraulics-calculators): Hydraulic and pneumatic cylinder force, pump flow, motor torque, O-ring glands and pneumatic air use.
- [HVAC calculators](https://machinecalcs.com/hvac-calculators): Furnace BTU screening, duct sizing, ACH ventilation flow, sensible BTU/h from CFM and ΔT, static-pressure budget and grille/register sizing.
- [Electrical calculators](https://machinecalcs.com/electrical-calculators): Conduit fill and raceway area checks from conductor insulation area, trade size and NEC-style fill limits.
- [Power Transmission calculators](https://machinecalcs.com/power-transmission-calculators): Pulley, sprocket, belt, chain and lead-screw drives, chain pull, overhung shaft load, bearing reactions, torque/power/RPM, bearing load and L10 life.
- [Automotive calculators](https://machinecalcs.com/automotive-calculators): Tire size, wheel offset, RPM/speed, final-drive ratio, RPM drop, converter slip, driveshaft RPM, wheel torque, road-load power, quarter-mile estimate, flywheel inertia, brakes, load transfer, tire contact patch, Ackermann, CV angle, engine airflow/fuel, clutch, driveshaft critical speed, wheel rate and corner weight calculators.
- [Aviation calculators](https://machinecalcs.com/aviation-calculators): Maneuvering speed, category Va, reverse Va/stall/load-factor checks, Va weight tables, stall speed, stall margin, accelerated stall, load factor, turns, TAS, density altitude, crosswind, glide, climb, descent, range/endurance, V-n and weight-balance calculators.
- [Electromechanical calculators](https://machinecalcs.com/electromechanical-calculators): Solenoid force, solenoid and permanent-magnet field strength, permanent-magnet pull force and electromagnet holding force from coil, gap, pole area and flux-density inputs.
- [Fasteners calculators](https://machinecalcs.com/fasteners-calculators): Bolt preload/torque, shear and bearing strength, clevis pins, bolt patterns, weld throat, weld sizing, heat input and deposition.
- [Sheet Metal calculators](https://machinecalcs.com/sheet-metal-calculators): Bend allowance, bend deduction and flat-blank length with K-factor.
- [Structural calculators](https://machinecalcs.com/structural-calculators): Wood spans, rafters, deck board and footing takeoffs, LVL beam sizing, section modulus, beam load capacity, deflection, shaft torsion and buckling.

## Calculators

- [Compression Spring Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/compression-spring-calculator): Rate, Wahl-corrected stress, solid height and buckling, with built-in material data.
- [Spring Design Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/spring-design-calculator): Back-solve wire diameter and active coils from target load, travel, diameter and spring index.
- [Spring Force Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/spring-force-calculator): Compression spring force from deflection, with stress, solid height and buckling checks.
- [Spring Deflection Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/spring-deflection-calculator): Compression spring deflection from load, with stress and travel-to-solid checks.
- [Spring Wire Size Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/spring-wire-size-calculator): Solve required compression-spring wire diameter from target rate, then check stress and travel.
- [Music Wire Spring Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/music-wire-spring-calculator): ASTM A228 music-wire spring rate, force, tensile strength and corrected stress.
- [Spring Index Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/spring-index-calculator): Spring index C = D/d with mean, inside and outside diameter conversion.
- [Spring Rate Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/spring-rate-calculator): Spring rate (spring constant) from wire size, coil diameter and material.
- [Extension Spring Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/extension-spring-calculator): Rate, spring index and force at extension including initial tension.
- [Spring Constant Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/spring-constant-calculator): Spring constant from two measured load/deflection points (Hooke’s law).
- [Torsion Spring Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/torsion-spring-calculator): Deflection angle, rate per turn and Wahl-corrected inner-fibre bending stress for a helical torsion spring.
- [Gear Generator](https://machinecalcs.com/gear-generator): Generate an involute spur gear profile with live preview and DXF export.
- [Gear DXF Generator](https://machinecalcs.com/gear-dxf-generator): Generate an involute spur gear DXF for CAD/CAM from module or diametral pitch.
- [Spur Gear Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/spur-gear-calculator): Spur gear geometry, undercut warning, center distance and DXF export.
- [Involute Gear Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/involute-gear-calculator): Tooth geometry from module/DP and pressure angle, with a tooth-profile render and DXF export.
- [Gear Tooth Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/gear-tooth-calculator): Involute spur gear tooth thickness, addendum, dedendum, whole depth and undercut margin.
- [Gear Ratio Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/gear-ratio-calculator): Gear ratio with output RPM, torque and vehicle speed from tire size.
- [Gear Center Distance Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/gear-center-distance-calculator): Spur gear center distance from module/DP and two tooth counts.
- [Gear Pitch Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/gear-pitch-calculator): Convert module, diametral pitch and circular pitch, plus pitch diameter.
- [Pitch Diameter Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/pitch-diameter-calculator): Gear pitch diameter from module, DP or circular pitch and tooth count.
- [Gear Module Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/gear-module-calculator): Module from pitch diameter and teeth, with diametral and circular pitch.
- [Gear Tooth Ratio Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/gear-tooth-ratio-calculator): Single- or two-stage gear-train ratio and output speed from tooth counts.
- [Planetary Gear Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/planetary-gear-calculator): Epicyclic gear ratio for ring-, sun- or carrier-fixed arrangements.
- [Worm Gear Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/worm-gear-calculator): Worm drive ratio, center distance, lead angle and self-locking check.
- [Bevel Gear Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/bevel-gear-calculator): Straight bevel gear ratio, pitch cone angles, cone distance, face width, RPM and torque.
- [Helical Gear Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/helical-gear-calculator): Parallel-shaft helical gear ratio, transverse module, pitch diameters, center distance, axial pitch and lead.
- [Gear Mesh Force Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/gear-mesh-force-calculator): Tangential, radial and axial tooth loads from torque, pitch diameter, pressure angle, helix angle and service factor.
- [True Position Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/true-position-calculator): GD&T true position from X/Y deviation with MMC bonus tolerance and a pass/fail check.
- [MMC Bonus Tolerance Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/true-position-mmc-bonus-tolerance-calculator): MMC/LMC bonus tolerance from a feature’s departure from its material limit.
- [Composite Position Tolerance Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/composite-position-tolerance-calculator): Two-tier PLTZF/FRTZF position check from X/Y deviation.
- [Flatness Tolerance Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/flatness-tolerance-calculator): Flatness (surface form) from measured points, with a pass/fail check.
- [Hole & Shaft Fit Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/hole-and-shaft-fit-calculator): ISO 286 hole-basis clearance-fit limits and clearance (H7/g6, H8/f7, …).
- [Press Fit / Interference Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/press-fit-interference-calculator): Interference-fit contact pressure, assembly force, torque capacity and hub stress (Lamé).
- [Cylindricity & Runout Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/cylindricity-runout-calculator): Runout (TIR) and cylindricity zone from indicator and diameter readings.
- [Tolerance Stack-Up Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/tolerance-stack-up-calculator): Worst-case and RSS tolerance stack limits from signed dimensions and plus/minus tolerances.
- [Surface Feet per Minute Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/surface-feet-per-minute-calculator): Cutting speed (SFM / m·min) and diameter to spindle RPM, with cutting speeds by material.
- [Cutting Speed Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/cutting-speed-calculator): Convert cutting speed to spindle RPM, or calculate actual SFM / m·min from RPM and diameter.
- [Bore & Stroke Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/bore-stroke-calculator): Engine displacement (cc / L / ci) and bore/stroke ratio from bore, stroke and cylinders.
- [Tap Drill Size Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/thread-tap-drill-size-calculator): Tap drill diameter for any metric or unified thread at your chosen % thread engagement.
- [Keyway Dimension Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/keyway-dimension-calculator): Standard parallel key & keyway dimensions for a shaft per DIN 6885-1.
- [CNC Speeds and Feeds Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/cnc-speeds-and-feeds-calculator): Spindle RPM, feed rate, feed per rev and material removal rate from material, tool, flutes and chip load.
- [Milling Horsepower Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/milling-horsepower-calculator): Milling material removal rate, cutting power, spindle horsepower, torque and chip load from cut engagement and feed.
- [Turning Horsepower Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/turning-horsepower-calculator): Turning material removal rate, cutting power, spindle horsepower, torque and cutting force from speed, feed and depth.
- [Machining Time Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/machining-time-calculator): Estimate CNC feed time, cycle time, batch time and parts per hour from toolpath length, feed rate, RPM, chip load and passes.
- [Machining Cost Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/machining-cost-calculator): Estimate CNC part cost from material, setup, cycle time, shop rate, tooling, secondary work and markup.
- [Injection Molding Shot Size Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/injection-molding-shot-size-calculator): Estimate shot weight, barrel utilization, machine capacity range and clamp force from part weight, cavities, runner weight and projected area.
- [Chip Load Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/chip-load-calculator): Chip load (feed per tooth) ↔ milling feed rate from RPM and flutes — Vf = fz·Z·n.
- [Surface Finish Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/surface-finish-calculator): Theoretical turning Ra & Rz from feed and nose radius — or the max feed for a target finish.
- [Surface Finish Ra/Rz Converter](https://machinecalcs.com/surface-finish-ra-rz-converter): Approximate conversion between Ra, Rz, RMS and ISO N roughness grade.
- [Tapping Feed Rate Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/tapping-feed-rate-calculator): Tapping feed rate Vf = spindle RPM × thread pitch; the feed per rev equals the pitch.
- [Drilling Feed Rate Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/drilling-feed-rate-calculator): Drilling feed rate, point allowance, cycle time, cutting speed and material removal rate.
- [Thread Mill Feed Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/thread-mill-feed-calculator): Compensate thread-mill feed for helical interpolation — tool-centre from cutting-edge feed.
- [Sine Bar Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/sine-bar-calculator): Gauge-block stack for a sine bar set to an angle (or the angle from a stack) — h = L·sin θ.
- [Ball Nose Stepover Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/ball-nose-stepover-calculator): Scallop height between parallel ball-nose passes — or the stepover for a target finish.
- [Countersink Depth Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/countersink-depth-calculator): Plunge depth and chamfer width of a conical countersink from angle, rim and hole diameter.
- [Drill Point Length Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/drill-point-length-calculator): Drill tip allowance and total blind-hole depth from diameter, point angle and full-diameter depth.
- [Dovetail Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/dovetail-calculator): Over-pin / between-pin measurement for inspecting a male or female dovetail slide.
- [Metal Weight Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/metal-weight-calculator): Weight of bar, tube, plate or angle in any metal — with weight-per-length and cross-section area.
- [Thermal Expansion Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/thermal-expansion-calculator): Linear thermal growth or shrinkage from material coefficient, length and temperature change.
- [Board Feet Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/board-feet-calculator): Lumber board feet, waste allowance and cost from thickness, width, length and quantity.
- [Hydraulic Cylinder Force Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/hydraulic-cylinder-force-calculator): Push and pull force with the rod-area differential shown explicitly. Standard ISO bores.
- [Hydraulic Cylinder Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/hydraulic-cylinder-calculator): Hydraulic cylinder push/pull force, stroke speed and standard bore sizing.
- [Cylinder Force Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/cylinder-force-calculator): Cylinder push and pull force from bore, rod diameter and pressure.
- [Hydraulic Pressure Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/hydraulic-pressure-calculator): Required bar/psi from target cylinder force, bore, rod and stroke direction.
- [Hydraulic Pump Flow & HP Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/hydraulic-pump-flow-hp-calculator): Pump output flow and hydraulic/shaft power from displacement, speed and pressure.
- [Pneumatic Cylinder Force Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/pneumatic-cylinder-force-calculator): Air-cylinder extend and retract force from bore, rod, gauge pressure and efficiency.
- [Pneumatic Air Consumption Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/pneumatic-cylinder-air-consumption-calculator): Free-air consumption per cycle and per minute for a pneumatic cylinder.
- [Hydraulic Accumulator Sizing Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/hydraulic-accumulator-sizing-calculator): Gas-charged accumulator volume from usable oil volume, precharge and pressure range.
- [Hydraulic Motor Torque Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/hydraulic-motor-torque-calculator): Motor torque, required flow and shaft power from displacement, pressure drop and speed.
- [Hydraulic Reservoir Size Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/hydraulic-reservoir-size-calculator): First-pass hydraulic tank volume from pump flow, residence time and usable oil fraction.
- [Pneumatic Valve Cv Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/pneumatic-valve-cv-calculator): Estimate air valve Cv from flow, upstream/downstream pressure and temperature.
- [Hydraulic Hose Pressure Drop Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/hydraulic-hose-pressure-drop-calculator): Estimate hose pressure loss, oil velocity, Reynolds number and heat loss from flow, bore and viscosity.
- [O-Ring Gland Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/o-ring-gland-calculator): O-ring squeeze, stretch and gland fill from cross section, installed diameter and groove dimensions.
- [Furnace BTU Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/furnace-btu-calculator): Screen furnace BTU/h from floor area, heating load factor, design temperature difference, AFUE and supply airflow.
- [Duct Size Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/duct-size-calculator): Size round and rectangular HVAC ducts from airflow by target velocity or friction rate, with pressure drop and velocity checks.
- [Air Changes per Hour Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/air-changes-per-hour-calculator): Required airflow from room volume and target ACH, plus actual air changes per hour from design or measured airflow.
- [HVAC Airflow & BTU Load Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/hvac-airflow-load-calculator): Sensible BTU/h or kW from airflow and temperature difference, with required CFM, cooling tons and CFM per ton.
- [HVAC Static Pressure Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/hvac-static-pressure-calculator): Total external static pressure from duct, filter, coil, terminal and accessory drops, with margin against blower available static.
- [Grille Size Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/grille-size-calculator): Size HVAC grilles, registers and diffusers from airflow, target face velocity and free-area ratio.
- [Refrigerant Line Charge Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/refrigerant-line-charge-calculator): Estimate added refrigerant charge from line-set length, factory-included length and manufacturer charge rate or liquid-line volume.
- [Voltage Drop Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/voltage-drop-calculator): Voltage drop, percent drop, load-end voltage and suggested conductor area from phase, wire size, current and one-way length.
- [Transformer kVA Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/transformer-kva-calculator): Single-phase or three-phase transformer kVA from volts and amps or kW and power factor, with standard-size rounding.
- [Conduit Fill Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/conduit-fill-calculator): Raceway fill from conductor count, insulation area and conduit trade size, with NEC-style 53/31/40/60% limits.
- [Pulley Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/pulley-calculator): Pulley ratio, driven RPM and belt speed from pulley diameters.
- [Sprocket Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/sprocket-calculator): Sprocket ratio, RPM, chain speed and pitch diameters for a chain drive.
- [Belt Length Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/belt-length-calculator): Two-pulley belt length and wrap angle from center distance and diameters.
- [V-Belt Length Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/v-belt-length-calculator): Solve V-belt pitch length or center distance, plus wrap angle, ratio, RPM and belt speed.
- [Chain Length Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/chain-sprocket-length-calculator): Roller-chain length in links and mm from sprocket teeth and center distance.
- [Chain Pull Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/chain-pull-calculator): Roller-chain effective pull, design pull, pitch-line speed and sprocket torque from power and RPM.
- [Overhung Load Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/overhung-load-calculator): Overhung shaft load, bearing reactions, load amplification and bending moment from torque, pitch diameter and load position.
- [Bearing Life (L10) Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/bearing-selection-by-load-speed-calculator): Basic L10 rating life in revolutions and hours from load, speed and rating.
- [Bearing Load Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/bearing-load-calculator): Equivalent dynamic/static bearing load from radial and axial loads plus catalog X/Y factors.
- [Timing Belt Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/timing-belt-calculator): Pitch length, length in teeth and pulley pitch diameters for a synchronous (toothed) belt drive.
- [Lead Screw Torque Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/lead-screw-torque-calculator): Size lead screw torque, available thrust, linear speed and critical RPM from load, lead, efficiency, screw diameter and support layout.
- [Rack and Pinion Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/rack-and-pinion-calculator): Rack travel per pinion revolution, linear speed and force from module, teeth, RPM and torque.
- [Belt Tension Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/belt-tension-calculator): Tight-side, slack-side and effective belt tension from power, speed, wrap angle and friction.
- [Spline Torque Capacity Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/spline-torque-capacity-calculator): First-pass spline torque capacity from flank pressure, pitch diameter and engagement length.
- [Flywheel Energy Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/flywheel-energy-calculator): Stored rotational energy, inertia and rim speed for a disk, ring or rim flywheel.
- [Torque Power RPM Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/torque-power-rpm-calculator): Solve shaft power, torque or RPM from P = T x omega in kW/hp and N*m/lbf*ft.
- [Tire Size Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/tire-size-calculator): Compare tire diameter, circumference, revs per mile/km and speedometer change from tire sizes.
- [Wheel Offset Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/wheel-offset-calculator): Compare wheel width, offset, spacer, backspacing, inner clearance and outer poke.
- [Engine RPM Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/engine-rpm-calculator): Cruise engine RPM from road speed, tire diameter, transmission gear, final drive and transfer ratio.
- [Vehicle Speed Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/vehicle-speed-calculator): Road speed from engine RPM, tire diameter, transmission gear, final drive and transfer ratio.
- [Gear Speed Table Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/gear-speed-table-calculator): Speed in 1st through 6th gear from target RPM, tire diameter, transmission ratios and final drive.
- [Final Drive Ratio Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/final-drive-ratio-calculator): Required axle or final-drive ratio from target RPM, road speed, tire diameter and transmission ratio.
- [RPM Drop Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/rpm-drop-calculator): After-shift RPM, RPM drop and power-band margin from shift RPM and gear-ratio spacing.
- [Torque Converter Slip Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/torque-converter-slip-calculator): Converter or clutch slip percentage from measured RPM, road speed, tire diameter and drivetrain ratios.
- [Wheel Torque Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/wheel-torque-calculator): Wheel torque and tire contact force from engine torque, gear ratios, efficiency and tire radius.
- [Aero Drag Horsepower Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/aero-drag-horsepower-calculator): Aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance and wheel horsepower needed to hold a target road speed.
- [Quarter Mile Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/quarter-mile-calculator): Empirical quarter-mile ET and trap-speed estimate from race weight, engine power and drivetrain efficiency.
- [Flywheel Inertia Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/flywheel-inertia-calculator): Flywheel inertia, stored energy, rim speed and gear-reflected equivalent vehicle mass.
- [Stopping Distance Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/stopping-distance-calculator): Reaction distance, braking distance and total stopping distance from speed, reaction time and deceleration g.
- [Brake Line Pressure Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/brake-line-pressure-calculator): Hydraulic brake line pressure from pedal force, pedal ratio, assist multiplier and master cylinder bore.
- [Brake Master Cylinder Bore Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/brake-master-cylinder-bore-calculator): Required master cylinder bore from target line pressure, pedal force, pedal ratio and assist.
- [Brake Bias Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/brake-bias-calculator): Front/rear brake bias from line pressures, piston area, pad friction, rotor radius and tire radius.
- [Brake Torque Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/brake-torque-calculator): Disc brake torque, caliper clamp force and tire contact force from pressure, piston area and rotor radius.
- [Brake Heat Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/brake-heat-calculator): Stop energy and simple front/rear rotor temperature rise from speed, mass, brake bias and rotor mass.
- [Lateral Acceleration Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/lateral-acceleration-calculator): Lateral g, lateral tire force and skidpad lap time from vehicle speed, turn radius and mass.
- [Weight Transfer Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/weight-transfer-calculator): Longitudinal axle load transfer from mass, static balance, CG height, wheelbase and braking or acceleration g.
- [Roll Center Load Transfer Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/roll-center-load-transfer-calculator): Axle lateral load transfer split into roll-center geometric and elastic components.
- [Tire Contact Patch Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/tire-contact-patch-calculator): Tire normal load, contact patch area and approximate patch length from load and pressure.
- [Ackermann Steering Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/ackermann-steering-calculator): Ideal outside steer angle, turn radius and Ackermann percentage from wheelbase, track and steering angles.
- [CV Joint Angle Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/cv-joint-angle-calculator): CV axle operating angle from shaft length and vertical or fore-aft offset between joint centers.
- [Compression Ratio Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/compression-ratio-calculator): Static engine compression ratio from bore, stroke, chamber, piston, deck and gasket volumes.
- [Piston Speed Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/piston-speed-calculator): Mean piston speed from stroke and RPM, plus RPM at a target piston speed.
- [BMEP Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/bmep-calculator): Brake mean effective pressure from torque, displacement and two-stroke or four-stroke cycle.
- [Engine Airflow CFM Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/engine-airflow-cfm-calculator): Four-stroke engine airflow and mass airflow from displacement, RPM, VE, boost and air density.
- [Fuel Injector Flow Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/fuel-injector-flow-calculator): Required injector flow rating from power, BSFC, injector count, duty cycle, density and fuel pressure.
- [Clutch Torque Capacity Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/clutch-torque-capacity-calculator): Clutch torque capacity, design margin and required clamp force from friction, radius and surface count.
- [Driveshaft RPM Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/driveshaft-rpm-calculator): Driveshaft RPM, wheel RPM, speed at critical RPM and utilization from road speed, tire diameter and axle ratio.
- [Driveshaft Critical Speed Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/driveshaft-critical-speed-calculator): Tubular driveshaft first bending critical speed from length, diameter, wall thickness, modulus and density.
- [Suspension Wheel Rate Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/suspension-wheel-rate-calculator): Wheel rate and ride frequency from spring rate, motion ratio, installation angle and sprung corner mass.
- [Corner Weight Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/corner-weight-calculator): Total weight, front/rear balance, left/right balance, cross weight and wedge delta from four scale readings.
- [Maneuvering Speed Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/maneuvering-speed-calculator): Calculate Va from 1g stall speed and positive limit load factor, with load-factor caveats for POH/AFM use.
- [Maneuvering Speed by Category Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/maneuvering-speed-category-calculator): Estimate Va from 1g stall speed using common normal, utility, acrobatic or custom load factors.
- [Limit Load Factor from Va Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/limit-load-factor-from-va-calculator): Back-solve implied positive limit load factor from maneuvering speed and 1g stall speed.
- [Stall Speed from Va Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/stall-speed-from-va-calculator): Infer 1g stall speed from maneuvering speed and positive limit load factor.
- [Corner Speed Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/corner-speed-calculator): Calculate simplified positive corner speed from 1g stall speed and limit load factor.
- [Va Weight Adjustment Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/va-weight-adjustment-calculator): Adjust a published maneuvering speed for operating weight using the square-root weight relation when the POH permits it.
- [Va Weight Table Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/va-weight-table-calculator): Build a Va-by-weight table and chart from published Va, reference weight and actual weight.
- [Stall Speed Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/stall-speed-calculator): Estimate stall speed from aircraft weight, wing area, air density and CLmax using the lift equation.
- [Stall Speed Weight Adjustment Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/stall-speed-weight-adjustment-calculator): Adjust a published stall speed for actual weight using the square-root weight relation.
- [Stall Margin Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/stall-margin-calculator): Check available load factor, accelerated stall speed and airspeed margin for a planned g load.
- [Load Factor Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/load-factor-calculator): Find coordinated level-turn load factor from bank angle and the accelerated stall speed from 1g stall speed.
- [Bank Angle from Load Factor Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/bank-angle-load-factor-calculator): Convert load factor to equivalent coordinated level-turn bank angle and accelerated stall speed.
- [Accelerated Stall Speed Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/accelerated-stall-speed-calculator): Calculate accelerated stall speed from 1g stall speed and load factor, with equivalent level-turn bank angle.
- [Turn Radius Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/turn-radius-calculator): Coordinated level-turn radius, turn rate and load factor from airspeed and bank angle.
- [Turn Load Factor Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/turn-load-factor-calculator): Calculate coordinated-turn load factor, bank angle and turn rate from true airspeed and turn radius.
- [Standard Rate Turn Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/standard-rate-turn-calculator): Bank angle, radius and load factor for a standard-rate or target-rate turn from true airspeed.
- [Density Altitude Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/density-altitude-calculator): Estimate pressure altitude, ISA temperature deviation and density altitude from field elevation, altimeter setting and OAT.
- [True Airspeed Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/true-airspeed-calculator): Estimate TAS from equivalent or approximate calibrated airspeed, pressure altitude and outside air temperature.
- [Crosswind Component Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/crosswind-component-calculator): Headwind, tailwind, steady crosswind and gust crosswind components from wind direction, runway heading and speed.
- [Glide Distance Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/glide-distance-calculator): Still-air glide distance, descent angle, sink rate and time from altitude, glide ratio and glide speed.
- [Climb Gradient Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/climb-gradient-calculator): Convert climb rate and ground speed into climb gradient, feet per nautical mile, climb angle and obstacle-height gain.
- [Descent Planning Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/descent-planning-calculator): Top-of-descent distance, descent time, actual descent angle and required descent rate for a target path.
- [Aircraft Range & Endurance Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/aircraft-range-endurance-calculator): Endurance, reserve time, usable cruise time and still-air range from fuel quantity, burn rate and ground speed.
- [V-n Diagram Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/vn-diagram-calculator): Simplified V-n envelope corner speeds from positive/negative stall speeds, limit loads and Vne.
- [Approach Speed Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/approach-speed-calculator): Estimate base Vref, gust additive and target approach speed from Vso and a reference factor.
- [Aircraft Weight & Balance Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/aircraft-weight-balance-calculator): Calculate loaded aircraft weight, total moment, CG arm and margin to forward/aft CG limits from station weights and arms.
- [Solenoid Force Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/solenoid-force-calculator): First-pass solenoid or electromagnet pull force from ampere-turns, air gap, pole area, leakage and saturation.
- [Solenoid Magnetic Field Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/solenoid-magnetic-field-calculator): Solenoid center field from turns, current, coil length, diameter and relative permeability, with finite-length correction.
- [Magnetic Field Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/magnetic-field-calculator): On-axis magnetic field of an axially magnetized disc or cylinder magnet from grade, size and distance.
- [Electromagnet Holding Force Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/electromagnet-holding-force-calculator): Holding force and safe working load from pole flux density, pole area, contact factor and safety factor.
- [Magnet Pull Force Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/magnet-pull-force-calculator): Permanent-magnet pull-force screen from grade, shape, thickness, air gap, target surface and safety factor.
- [Bolt Preload & Torque Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/bolt-preload-torque-calculator): Clamp force (preload) from tightening torque and the nut factor.
- [Bolt Circle Coordinate Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/bolt-circle-coordinate-calculator): X-Y hole coordinates and spacing on a bolt circle, with a layout render.
- [Fillet Weld Size Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/fillet-weld-size-calculator): Effective throat and weld capacity from leg size, length and electrode (AWS/AISC).
- [Weld Throat Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/weld-throat-calculator): Fillet weld throat, throat area, capacity and required equal leg from equal/unequal legs, root opening and ASD/LRFD basis.
- [Welding Heat Input Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/welding-heat-input-calculator): Arc welding heat input in kJ/mm and kJ/in from voltage, current, travel speed and efficiency.
- [Welding Deposition Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/welding-deposition-calculator): Fillet weld deposited metal, filler mass and arc time from weld length, leg size, density and deposition rate.
- [Bolt Shear Strength Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/bolt-shear-strength-calculator): Ultimate shear capacity of a bolt from grade, diameter and pitch — thread or shank plane, single or double shear.
- [Shear Pin Diameter Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/shear-pin-diameter-calculator): Required round pin diameter from shear force, allowable stress, safety factor and shear planes.
- [Bolt Pattern Force Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/bolt-pattern-force-calculator): Shear load per bolt in a circular pattern under a torsional moment plus direct shear.
- [Thread Pitch Diameter Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/thread-pitch-diameter-calculator): Pitch (effective) diameter of a 60° thread by the three-wire method, plus the best wire size.
- [Thread Engagement Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/thread-engagement-calculator): Check engaged thread length against internal and external thread stripping for metric, UNC and UNF threads.
- [Torque to Tension Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/torque-to-tension-calculator): Convert tightening torque to bolt tension, or target preload to required torque, with nut factor K.
- [Bolt Elongation Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/bolt-elongation-calculator): Elastic bolt stretch, stress and strain from preload, stressed length, area and modulus.
- [Bolt Bearing Stress Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/bolt-bearing-stress-calculator): Average bolt or pin bearing stress from projected area d*t, load per fastener and allowable stress.
- [Clevis Pin Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/clevis-pin-calculator): Clevis pin shear, bending, eye bearing, fork bearing and utilization from load and lug geometry.
- [Weld Group Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/weld-group-calculator): Rectangular weld-group stress and required fillet leg under eccentric in-plane loading.
- [Bend Allowance Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/sheet-metal-bend-allowance-calculator): Bend allowance, deduction and setback from angle, radius, thickness and K-factor.
- [Bend Deduction Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/press-brake-bend-deduction-calculator): Flat (blank) length and bend deduction for a press-brake bend.
- [Press Brake Tonnage Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/press-brake-tonnage-calculator): Air-bending press force from thickness, bend length, V-die opening and material strength.
- [Section Modulus Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/section-modulus-calculator): Area moment I, section modulus S = I/c, area and neutral axis for a rectangle, round, tube, I-beam, channel, tee or angle.
- [Shaft Diameter Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/shaft-diameter-calculator): Required solid shaft diameter from torque, bending moment, allowable shear and safety factor.
- [Shaft Torsion Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/shaft-torsion-calculator): Circular-shaft torsion stress, angle of twist, polar moment J and torque capacity.
- [Shaft Deflection Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/shaft-deflection-calculator): Bending deflection, stress and I for a round shaft as a beam (simply supported or cantilever).
- [Column Buckling Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/column-buckling-calculator): Euler critical load, effective length, slenderness and utilization for columns or cylinder rods.
- [Square Tube Deflection Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/square-tube-deflection-calculator): Deflection, stress and I of a square/rectangular HSS tube used as a beam.
- [Beam Deflection Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/beam-deflection-calculator): General beam deflection, bending moment and stress from I and S for common point and uniform load cases.
- [Beam Load Capacity Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/beam-load-capacity-calculator): Allowable beam load from section modulus, span and allowable bending stress.
- [Wood Beam Span Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/wood-beam-span-calculator): Preliminary sawn-lumber beam or joist span from 2x size, spacing, live/dead loads and entered E, Fb and Fv values.
- [Deck Board Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/deck-board-calculator): Decking board count, board rows, linear decking, fasteners and board cost from deck size and board layout.
- [Deck Footing Concrete Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/deck-footing-concrete-calculator): Concrete volume, bag count and concrete weight for round deck footings from diameter, depth and count.
- [Rafter Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/rafter-calculator): Common rafter length, roof rise, pitch angle, overhang tail length and rafter count for gable roof layout.
- [LVL Beam Calculator](https://machinecalcs.com/lvl-beam-calculator): Preliminary LVL beam sizing from span, plies, depth, uniform line loads and product design values, with bending, shear and deflection checks.

## Guides

- [Spring rate formula explained](https://machinecalcs.com/guides/spring-rate-formula)
- [The Wahl correction factor](https://machinecalcs.com/guides/wahl-correction-factor)
- [How to calculate chip load](https://machinecalcs.com/guides/how-to-calculate-chip-load)
- [SFM to RPM conversion](https://machinecalcs.com/guides/sfm-to-rpm)
- [What is the K-factor in sheet metal?](https://machinecalcs.com/guides/what-is-k-factor)
- [Bend allowance vs bend deduction](https://machinecalcs.com/guides/bend-allowance-vs-bend-deduction)
- [What is true position in GD&T?](https://machinecalcs.com/guides/what-is-true-position)
- [How to read GD&T symbols](https://machinecalcs.com/guides/how-to-read-gdt-symbols)
- [Metal weight formula](https://machinecalcs.com/guides/metal-weight-formula)
- [Bolt preload explained](https://machinecalcs.com/guides/bolt-preload-explained)
- [Thread engagement explained](https://machinecalcs.com/guides/thread-engagement-explained)
- [How to size a hydraulic cylinder](https://machinecalcs.com/guides/how-to-size-a-hydraulic-cylinder)
- [Hydraulic cylinder force formula](https://machinecalcs.com/guides/hydraulic-cylinder-force-formula)
- [How to calculate gear ratio](https://machinecalcs.com/guides/how-to-calculate-gear-ratio)
- [Gear module vs diametral pitch](https://machinecalcs.com/guides/gear-module-and-diametral-pitch)
- [Involute gear geometry](https://machinecalcs.com/guides/involute-gear-geometry)
- [How to calculate belt length](https://machinecalcs.com/guides/how-to-calculate-belt-length)
- [What is overhung load?](https://machinecalcs.com/guides/what-is-overhung-load)
- [What is section modulus?](https://machinecalcs.com/guides/what-is-section-modulus)

## Reference charts

- [All reference charts](https://machinecalcs.com/reference): complete reference-chart directory.
- [Spring wire material properties](https://machinecalcs.com/spring-wire-material-properties)
- [Tap drill chart](https://machinecalcs.com/tap-drill-chart)
- [Drill size chart](https://machinecalcs.com/drill-size-chart)
- [Thread pitch chart](https://machinecalcs.com/thread-pitch-chart)
- [Decimal to fraction chart](https://machinecalcs.com/decimal-to-fraction-chart)
- [Cutting speed chart (SFM by material)](https://machinecalcs.com/cutting-speed-chart)
- [Chip load chart](https://machinecalcs.com/chip-load-chart)
- [Material density chart](https://machinecalcs.com/material-density-chart)
- [Steel weight formula](https://machinecalcs.com/steel-weight)
- [Aluminum weight formula](https://machinecalcs.com/aluminum-weight)
- [Stainless steel weight formula](https://machinecalcs.com/stainless-steel-weight)
- [Round bar weight formula](https://machinecalcs.com/round-bar-weight)
- [Plate weight formula](https://machinecalcs.com/plate-weight)
- [Pipe weight formula](https://machinecalcs.com/pipe-weight)
- [Square tube weight formula](https://machinecalcs.com/square-tube-weight)
- [Rectangular tube weight formula](https://machinecalcs.com/rectangular-tube-weight)
- [Hardness conversion chart](https://machinecalcs.com/hardness-conversion-chart)
- [Steel pipe schedule chart](https://machinecalcs.com/steel-pipe-schedule-chart)
- [ISO 286 hole & shaft fit table](https://machinecalcs.com/iso-286-fit-table)
- [GD&T symbols chart](https://machinecalcs.com/gdt-symbols-chart)
- [Bolt torque spec chart](https://machinecalcs.com/torque-spec-chart)
- [Wrench size chart](https://machinecalcs.com/wrench-size-chart)
- [Sheet metal gauge chart](https://machinecalcs.com/sheet-metal-gauge-chart)
- [Rectangular section modulus formula](https://machinecalcs.com/rectangular-section-modulus)
- [Round section modulus formula](https://machinecalcs.com/round-section-modulus)
- [Tube section modulus formula](https://machinecalcs.com/tube-section-modulus)
- [I-beam section modulus formula](https://machinecalcs.com/i-beam-section-modulus)

## About

- [About and methodology](https://machinecalcs.com/about): how results are computed, the standards cited, and the stated limits of each tool.